This is a difficult passage on a lot of levels.
Apparently, Israel had sinned in some way. What that sin was, we don’t know, but perhaps it was their rejection of David, God’s appointed king, and following Absalom and later Sheba.
At any rate, because of their sin, God decided to bring judgment on them.
That is important to note, by the way. Contrary to what David thought, Israel was not innocent and was worthy of judgment. (2 Samuel 24:17)
But how to account for God stirring up David against them? Did God cause David to sin?
Also, in 1 Chronicles 21, it says Satan was the one who incited David to count the people of Israel. So who was responsible?
It’s a difficult question.
But here are some things to remember.
First, Satan always stands against God’s people. And he would destroy us if he could.
But as we see in Job, God puts definite limits on what Satan can and cannot do to us. (Job chapters 1-2)
Second, for purposes of judgment or for testing, God will loosen those limits.
We see examples of judgment with Saul and King Ahab. (1 Samuel 16:14; 1 Kings 22:19-23).
We see examples of testing with Job and Jesus (Matthew 4:1).
Third, regardless of whether God loosens those limits or not, people do not have to sin. They can choose to do right. Job and Jesus chose to do right. Saul and Ahab didn’t.
So ultimately, while for purposes of judgment God loosened the limits on Satan, David still had his choice. And David chose to sin.
David himself accepted responsibility for his own sin. (2 Samuel 24:10, 17)
David didn’t sin because God made him sin.
Nor did the devil “make him do it.”
David sinned because of what was in his heart. (James 1:14)
And what seems to have been in his heart was his pride in his military strength, which may be why he wanted the people counted.
Two further points.
First, this side of the cross, as children of God, we no longer need to fear God’s judgment (1 John 4:14-19).
Like the Israelites, we are deserving of God’s judgment, but Jesus took that judgment upon himself on the cross.
So while God may discipline us at times, we will never face his judgment. (Hebrews 12:5-11; Romans 8:1)
Second, though God may loosen his limits on Satan and let us go through times of testing, we always have the choice to obey or not.
But as Paul wrote,
No temptation has come upon you except what is common to humanity.
But God is faithful; he will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation he will also provide the way out so that you may be able to bear it. (1 Corinthians 10:13)
So let us remember the words of James, trusting in God’s goodness and faithfulness toward us, following after him.
Blessed is the one who endures trials, because when he has stood the test he will receive the crown of life that God has promised to those who love him. (James 1:12)
